In the dense California redwoods, a man got surrounded in a massive forest fire. Not unusual for the Norcal summer . Luckily he was a climber. He selected a big Redwood and climbed up till he got high enough to breathe, and found a strong branch to sleep on. He tied himself and slept a couple of hours. When he woke up, he felt hungry. There was nothing there up high. Birds had all flown away. He wondered if it was his destiny to die of the hunger rather than being burnt alive in that endless scorch.
Before he got a chance to curse the Gods, he saw a big beehive and also saw the honey dripping off of it. The rising smoke must have melted the nectar. The only problem : it was on a soft branch and of course he didn't want to wake up thousands of bees still closely guarding their life-saving. He figured if he could move below the beehive (and somehow catch the dripping nectar) he could possibly see another sunrise. He did that, though in the process, he definitely rubbed few bees on the wrong side, who didn't waste any time in returning the favor.
An Angel was flying past in his chariot. His fairer friend, sitting beside, saw the massive fire. She asked him to take a swing down - to check if they could help someone.
We can't go on with our gifted lives with no attention to those who actually need our skills? - she urged her Angel. Probably guilty of her privileges.
Angel cautioned her for they were expressly forbidden from causing glitches in the lower worlds - but who may deny the fairy of charm her wishful musings. Even Rama
couldn't convince Siya
that a golden deer is nothing but a trap. The bridge between the left and right halves is a "protocol of submission" - not that of "reason!
He took a nose-dive and they both saw this intriguing scene - a strong able man in his mid-thirties sitting on a dead branch that may break any time. And right below him fire was still raging high. From a distance, they couldn't see the man was aptly catching drops of honey directly into his open mouth. They also didn't see the bees were biting all over him. They were probably enraged on debasement of their earnest savings - and they wanted someone to pay the price.
His eyes, ears and lips swollen yet survival was paramount. It appeared the man wanted to live no matter what the quality of his life, and the extent of his struggle.
We must save this man! - said fairy. At the back of her mind the question that had always challenged her logic - why do humans love their lives of endless misery? I mean I am a fairy, even then it feels so boring! - She thought.
The angel still had reservations. He knew the rules!
Yet, out loud he surrendered - as you say my lady luck! Then he whispered into fairy's ear - We must make it look like a fair deal. I can't change the destiny without approval from higher ups. The surveillance has gotten worse of late. They are keeping track of all off-route flights.
Sure! You do the talking - whispered back smiling fairy. She was excited. Her mate was willing to take on a potential ¨curse for life¨ to make her happy. The idea of breaking rules is always tantalizing to those comforted into layers of safety nets.
Angel stationed the chariot right above the man. He spoke as if he wanted to hide his voice - O man, kind fairy offers you a seat in the chariot for the divine honey you have broken up in this blessed beehive. If you share this Godly gift, you get a free ride back home. He made a ¨proposal¨.
In Hindi or Sanskrit, a proposal is called a
Prastaav
...
The man thought he was hallucinating! When angel asked again, he convinced himself it was some sort of divine nectar. Despite all his misgivings, he wanted it all for himself. He assumed the gods had provisioned this gift solely for him - and look what great price he paid for this Amrut
. I mean I am literally burning in fire and being bitten - at the same time. He thought it was this sacrifice that opened up this bounty. Is it going to give me good health? Who knows it might make me immortal! But those questions are for later - he reasoned - for now let me grab all of it. No wonder now, he fathomed, this angel wants a piece out of my winnings. They always show up at the opportune moments - don't they - he thought to himself - not this time - this time this nectar of immortal life is mine - all of it!
He countered the proposal without courtesy or care - without even making an eye contact.
No - he said - go your way angel and enjoy your flight! Thanks - but no thanks - for I know your girl desperately wants this honey. Let her know it ain't for sale!
Angel looked at the fairy and gave the man another chance. His pitch louder - Listen O'dead man , if you didn't take the deal, then know you would die of the poison, and of course your sugar levels are already high not letting you think straight. You will probably burn in another half hour. Time is of the essence for your survival ! And even if you took the deal it would take the divine doctors many days to remove all the stings you got from the deathly bees!
O ya! - said the greedy man. More the angel tried to convince, more he got sure there was something very special in the honey.
Tired and irritated - for the heat was getting stronger by the minute - the angel and fairy flew away!
Whatever happened to the man is another story but surprised at what unfolded, the fairy asked the angel - how stupid can a man be! Why wouldn't he agree your proposal?
The angel smiled in relief - A proposal is always made by the one who needs something. And accepted (or rejected) by those who have the upper hand. Quite the opposite of ¨charity¨ where the rich offload their excesses ¨as is¨ and poor taketh whatever on offer.
O' my love - he said - If a proposal comes from the able, beneficiaries always question the motives. Only in a rare case sanity prevails. Such cases are the grace of God!
Amen! Grace of God it was - impressed with the wisdom of angel, she craved for more - tell me of such cases good angel. Talk to me. You kept my word and also saved us from altering the reality. She pressed herself closer to the Angel. Her eyes proud and aroused as she felt alive in a long time. She was anyway on the edge for this was her first outing in the wilderness. She had never gone off the proven route - particularly in the zero footprint 1 areas.
Angel thought for a while. He then told her the proposal that Maharishi Parāśara
made to Matsyagandha
at the dawn of new age in an obscure place Mathura
- on the banks of river Yamuna
- in northern province of India. An impossibility by any stretch of imagination, yet it worked, and created a race that went on to become Angels; and wizards! Those who believe and those who not. Those who have flying chariots. Those who save others from fires and also burn them alive. Those who could get as much divine nectar as they wanted from Amazon.com ! Yet they want more ..
Prastaav
..
It was as if Matsyagandha
found a reason to live. Maharishi Parāśara
got off the boat, but he left a boatload of hope for Matsya
. Every night she waited at the docks. She had gotten a new set of questions. What did Maharishi
mean? Why would he even talk to someone like her. At times, she thought she was an insipid laughter for the Yogi
— maybe he just wanted to let her feel good, other times she wanted to look beautiful — she must get herself ready for the purpose — but she knew no ways. She wanted to smell good though she couldn't afford Sandal wood. The hope and despair played the cycles of pains and joy. She was caught into duality of the prospects, and unlike the waves in Yamuna
, waves of duality were hard to navigate.
She must go through this fire to harden herself for a path unknown.
One more subtle change happened. She discovered a new confidence in just being herself. For the first time, she saw her smell as a virtue. She felt she existed despite being all alone in this world. Maharishi's
simple anecdote changed her self-perception for good - almost downside up! She wondered, why did she not see the simple reality the way she sees it now !
8.1
About a year later, on the night of Vijya Dashmi
— the tenth night of Hindu month Ashwin
,Maharishi
returned to the wharf. Entire Mathura
was celebrating the auspicious autumn night to commemorate victory of Lord Rama
over Ravana
. A noble king versus a tyrant — good over evil. The middle of peak festive season in entire India, and more so in this part because of the perfect weather. Wet season (monsoons) ended almost a month ago in mid-August (per English Calendar), to let this time of mid-September dry with mild temperatures - and acceptable humidity. No one was expected working on the docks this night, except that Matsyagandha
was there, for 'waiting' was her daily ritual — Karma
.
Maharishi
smiled at Matsya
as if he expected her there. He didn't have the courage to ask her 'why'. Why wasn't she celebrating the night with the rest? He probably knew he was the one who put her to this test. And she sure came out with flying colors!
Matsya
returned the smile as if she simply erased the wait of last four seasons. He asked her to ferry the boat to the island. She happily toed the boat into waters. As the boat got steady, she looked at Maharishi
in anticipation. She could feel her time had come. The moment she was preparing herself for a year had arrived
Maharishi
read her thoughts. She was an open book to him — uncorrupted and pious. Her big expressive eyes said what her lips would not. Without much ado, he asked her if she could give him a son. No preamble, no sweet romantic chatter. All he added — it was for a much bigger cause. A cause, she would appreciate in due course. And of course, she may ask anything in return for the favor of this service!
Service! — Matsya
, though wildly imaginative, had never thought such a ‘service’ existed. To put it mildly, it was passionless. To say the truth, it was blunt! No one asks a woman for a child in their second meeting (spaced an year) without any courtship. She was poor but she wasn't sold out. She worked hard for a living, and she bore the wrath of society for no apparent reason. Despite all the attempt to cancel her, she was a proud young woman. A part of her felt as if the man was total noob in worldly things. Even more than her. But others reassured her: he meant what he said — he is not here to steal! He is here to give!
He had a winner proposal for her if only she considered!
Both of them unaware that what
Maharishi
askedMatsya
was the biggest sacrifice a human could do. Soliciting a newborn of a first time mother — be it a human or even an animal - is the most audacious of the 'asks' imaginable. Every cell of a mother's body works nine months, non-stop, to manifest a baby. Not only does she make flesh and blood, she even drafts milk for the newborn — to ease the child into inhospitable world. This selfless act is the natural incidence ofKarm Yoga
. Even for a pronouncedKarm Yogi
, giving up on such a manifestation - the feat of binding consciousness to a biological form - is too much to ask. But none of them had this physical experience before. Neither comprehended the price of such a service was entire cosmos!
8.2
As the moment passed, Matsya
staged a quick recovery. Years of training to handle unexpected discomforts - from those of prying eyes to the outreach of groping hands, helped her regain her rationale. She was definitely taken aback at the unexpected proposal. It was quite an anticlimax to the high hopes she had whipped up in her mind. She had no clue what to say and what to ask, but she knew Maharishi Parāśara
was a Yogi
. There was no one in Mathura
who didn't know Maharishi
. Since last meeting, her interest in the Yogi
had peaked. She gleaned everything there was to know about him. He could have had any woman. Why then he chose her? He sure was not a womaniser. He wasn't doing it for fun - was he?
More clarity emerged with another passing thought! She knew he could bless her with whatever she wanted — she felt the aura of calm and the strength he exuded - that made her believe the stories of his wizardry - she had overheard commuters. Ever since their last meeting, she had wondered what she had in store. Her oversized imagination led her to many scenarios but none of them was to bear his child. For one, he wasn't attractive, nor did he take care to look one. But more importantly, she knew Maharishi
would never take her (or anyone else) as a wife for his life was dedicated to the celibate work of god. Then why does he need a son? What exactly is the ‘bigger purpose’? She didn't realize, her curiosity already shifted to the ‘purpose’ - rather than the stigma of carrying a fatherless child.
She thought for a while. She wasn't even sure if he really wanted a baby or this was a way to ask for sex? Or he might be asking me as a wife! Why am I not sure? How do I seek clarity? Her mind chose to play a question for a question — the best strategy to seek more when uncertainty strikes. She whispered to herself — what would people say? As if there were people staring at her in the middle of the river.
Looking at Yogi
she asked — how could I possibly hide such a thing from the village? She meant she wanted to be in, but how?
Boat was leaving the banks of Yamuna
- heading mid-stream. The rise and fall of waters simulated in her thoughts. She could hear herself breathing, and it wasn't because she was rowing the boat alone. She could boat off this bank like a child would step into the walk of her mother. The anxiety stemmed from the surprise - no one had properly asked her out - ever - and here she had a Yogi
- asking for a child! Does he like me or is he playing with me? Or is it something else?
And the fear of unknown! She had never imagined herself pregnant! It was simply beyond the basket of her thoughts.
Rishi Parāśara
had a sigh of relief. First he didn't get a plain ‘no’, or was asked to jump off the boat. After all, his reputation was at stake. No matter how high a man in chain of command, in front of a woman he is still the one pleading for attention. And second, he too wanted it a furtive union. Not only was he not ready for a wife, he knew Matsyagandha
must go on - for she had a larger role to play in her later life.
And he had a plan — I know a nice cavern hidden on the island. We may stay there. I will be around you entire pregnancy and will have no dearth of food or shelter. After couple days, I will have a pigeon sent to the village head that you took on a journey downstream with me, as a sailor. And that we were gone to get lifesaving herbs from the East where Yamuna
meets the most pious river Ganga
.
8.3
Let me add a bit on the geography of the place before we move forward :-
Rivers Ganga
and Yamuna
run parallel through the fertile plains of North India. They formed the boundaries of the powerful kingdom established (long back) by King Kuru
. Shown as Kuru (West) and Kuru (East) in the map below. He built a grand capital in Hastinapur
on the banks of Yamuna
— nowadays known as Delhi, the capital of India. Hastinapur
was around hundred miles upstream from Mathura
.
An indicative map of greater India in Vaidik
times around 5000 BC. Credits 2
Kuru's
grandson King Shantanu
currently ruled the place. Maharishi
could have approached the king for help with herbs, but they grew beyond his borders deep into kingdom of Magadha
with capital in Patliputra
.
Hastinapur
and Patliputra
had ups and downs in the political relations. Thus, the (imaginary) trip had to be clandestine. Technically, Rishies
were free to travel across state boundaries and Maharishi
was not even a native of Kuru-kingdom
because his Ashrama
was on the western bank of Yamuna
— a vast land infested with many Rakshsa
lords. After his early days of warring with Asuras
in this area, Maharishi Parāśara
helped Ugrasen
take the reins of a new small kingdom named Sur Sena
(Good people's army). Thanks to the "fire-traps" of Maharishi
, most of the rebellions either left the place or were living a subdued life undercover.
Maharishi
continued in his grandfather's (Maharishi Vaśiṣṭha's) Ashrama
, in the capital of Sur Sena
— a mile upstream from (now) famous Vishram Ghat
of Mathura
.
The village where Matsya
stayed, was run by an erstwhile Asura
lord — Dashraaj
. He was defeated by Maharishi
but got his life back after he promised to a conformal lifestyle. That he did, but inside, he wanted to be important. His ambitions, still played young even though old age caught up on him. On the surface, he served the Ashrama
and stayed in close with the ideology of Maharishi
.
Asuras
had their own kingdom run by Vrishaparvan
— an Asura
royal sage, though Asuras
were spread beyond their indicated location. It is important to understand the difference between Asuras
and Rakshasas
. Raskshsas
were the tribal population of "bigger built" who obviously wanted to continue with status quo because of advantage of their muscle power over animals and civilized humans. On the other hand Asuras
were the educated humans who just didn't subscribe to Vaidik
way of life. Many Asura
lords naturally developed close ties with Rakshas
as they had a common enemy in Vaidik
way of life, but this is not to say that all Asuras
or Rakshsas
were inherently against scriptures (or the ones who believed in scriptures). In fact the palace of Pandavas
- grandsons of Dwaipayana
was built by a Rakshsa
architect. The ideological boundaries weren't black and white.
Asuras
were not against scientific discovery. They had their own weapon systems, and they too worked hard to invoke celestial powers. They just didn't subscribe to the tenets of Vaidik Science
.
I have highlighted the
Kuru
territory and the location ofMaharishi Parāśara
abode (inSur-Sena
). The western boundary ofKuru
kingdom was riverYamuna
and eastern side was bound by riverGanga
. Both major waterways for transport and source of irrigation in prosperousKuru
empire.
An advantage of staying in Sur-Sena
was no Kuru
kingdom laws applied to the Ashrama
. Maharishi
was free to run his experiments, and live the way he wanted. Prime among them was to optimize tools for writing such that common sages could scribe their work. When it came to writing, fear of retribution wasn't as big as fear of becoming a laughingstock. Writing thus far was done on cotton clothes. It was more like big posters — a page, standing six feet tall. The idea was to replicate the carvings in old caves. Most Naad Yogies
dismissed the idea for one it was too expensive, and second they thought it was going back to the cave days.
Staying off the main-land (Kuru Kingdom
) also ensured only real seekers had the courage to reach him. Thus, less time spent on social and political disputations. And most probably, he had a fascination for the virgin island and the deep cave system that led to this cavern he was talking about. He believed the path forward must emanate from the middle of two opposites of good and evil, and one need to dive deeper into the caves of soul to seek the ever illusive peace.
8.4
Matsyagandha
thought for a while and finally nodded her consent. Her eyes hollow. She was still not sure if it was happening to her, but the plan seemed workable.
Maharishi
looked at her, and he figured she wanted something else. He stood up and asked — Do you want something else Matsya
? — His voice full of gratitude.
What will happen to me after? - It felt like she lost the words - I will need to feed the newborn at least for a year! But what after that? — asked Matsyagandha
.
Maharishi Parāśara
thought for a while. He wanted to make sure he found the right words as much as he wanted to say the truth. He said — after two years, once child is ready to go with me, you may, if you wish, return to the village.
Matsya's
face turned red. Her body shaking and her words broken — this village hates me. If older women figured out I lost my virginity, they would despise me even more!
As is, Matsya
was living a hell. This would only add more to the antipathy she already received. They would most likely label her a whore and burn her alive as a culprit of prostitution — a recognized sin in Kuru-land
. Stories of such incidents were rampant though no such incident had yet happened in her village. If they were kind, they would most likely hand her over to some Rakshsa
lord where she had be enslaved for life, and possibly gang raped daily. That was considered a fair punishment for the sinful hookers!
No one would recognize you Matsya
! — Maharishi
said with conviction that was hard to ignore — I would bless you into the most beautiful woman ever lived. You will smell of Sandal all day and all night. People will call you Yojangandha
for your musky fragrance shall surround a distance. (The literal meaning of Yojan
being a mile and Gandha
means fragrance.) Fares would line up to take your boat. And one among them might take you as a wife, having fallen madly in love with you. And thereafter, you would rule the world!
Matsya
couldn't believe her ears. At that time she didn't care about "ruling the world" but the prospect of smelling good, and that the village bowed to her beauty, set butterflies in her. She was not sure if it was the desire for revenge, or expectation of success, but the proposal now seemed like a true blessing. She folded both her hands and kneeled. And then she looked up straight into deep eyes of Maharishi
. Her eyes said Yes
. Maharishi
met her gaze. He wanted to be sure — you need to say a 'Yes' Matsya
.
As he reconfirmed the acceptance, he touched the thumb of his right hand between her eyes, and with left he pulled out Sakti's
wand - the gift of being in the "present". He lowered it into the waters of holy Yamuna
, and threw few droplets on her face. She felt her head spinning. Both Maharishi
and Matsya
looked at the wand's tip together. The future and the past ceased. They were locked together in the moment. Maharishi
was practicing the art of focus for almost an year, but it was too much for Matsya
. She felt her mind sunk into deepest of hole - no exit - no sound - no light. She lost her consciousness.
The place between the eyes, right above the nose is called Aajna Chakra
. This is where a Yogi Guru
may touch with his thumb to associate you with his "knowledge". Once the pathway is opened, there is no going back. You are now one with your Guru
. In Hindu
tradition, this is why a tilak
is placed here, particularly if you participate in a ritual. Matsya
was now part of a Maha Yazna
. She would take Maharishi's
vision for staking it in reality!
8.5
Fairy was consumed in the story. She smiled at Angel and asked him for more!
Wait O' fairy queen - I will love to, but we might get into Mahabharata
- the most consuming story ever told. I must caution this story may change your mind and your life forever! - Angel said in a rather dramatic tone - big smile on his face.
Why are stories so compelling - smiled back Fairy!
Well, that is a good point - replied Angel - A story works where a text book fails.
He continued - the "information" is always locked in the interrelationships of entities. A woman is a mother, a sister and a wife. And hundreds of more relationships she has with animate beings and inanimate things - the social graph. In the physical world, our identity is determined by this graph - connections with place of birth, education institute, employment - tiny specs of information held with in each connection! In ancient Vaidik
science, Bramh
is considered sum total of all the identities - living or lifeless - entirety of observable information. The question is what happens when we create characters in a fiction? Since they are not real - would you call them part of our social graph? - he responded to Fairy's simple question with another - a rather profound one.
I never thought about that! - Fairy responded - I guess we do form relationships with the characters of a narrative - just the way we do with real entities.
You are right - Angel smiled - a text book fails because it condenses pure factual information. Quite the opposite, a good story spreads the information among its fictitious identities - characters of the fiction. It forces us to create those characters as virtual entities - in our minds. One might think the information was locked in the text; the truth, however, is the information is held in our minds - in the relationships we form with the characters.
No wonder a narrative is only as good as the characters it builds - Fairy nodded.
He paused for a moment to begin again - A typical fiction builds a hero and a villain and a few side roles - because developing characters is taxing. In Mahabharata
, the writer developed thousands of characters - hundreds of heroes and as many anti-heroes - because it was history - reality. First attempt at writing the truth in a fictional format.
When you cut copy and paste the truth, the burden of character development is taken by the reality. You still need to write the story - exactly as it happened!
Angel digressed a bit - following the lead from Mahabharata
, the idea percolated quickly beyond races, geographies and cultures. All future ideologies must describe truth in a scribed narrative - Bible, Quran, Physica, Principia, Relativity - and hundreds of more. The truth may be based on the religious insights, philosophy or scientific rigor, it must be a compelling read. Over generations, such narratives led to human subspecies - monks, doctors, engineers, builders, metallurgists, bitcoiners, and thousands of more - to strive in a skill oriented society we know as the world of literate - text-enabled humans. It is a hybrid existence - body moves in physical world, but mind is always locked in some narrative.
Fairy understood the concept - she responded back with greater insight - The physical freedom is to choose a place of your living, but mental freedom is to practice the narrative of your choice - your rabbit hole - she laughed.
Angel was impressed - he added - Mahabharata
was the first of such narratives. Actually - it was the one that trained human mind on text. Before it, scribing was limited to cave walls!
That was a shock to fairy - how can you be so sure?
Well, no one can tell for sure, but we can see the proof in the pudding - Angel felt he voluntarily put himself to a test. He tried to make a case - human's world is different from that of animals - a step-up even from their "speech only" ancestors! They have thousands of specializations. People spend enormous effort honing a skills that they practice rest of their lives. This axiom of skill building was first described in Bhagvad Gita
- a part of Mahabharata
. This means that the epic was written before or the around the time of idea of organised work - when humans understood the value of working together in agriculture or mining etc. Not only Gita
focused humans to work on a specific skill, it postulated the mechanism of value exchange. The accumulation and exchange of value is based on Vikarma
- the proof of work.
What is Vikarma
- the question naturally came to Fairy.
Angel was forced to dive deeper. He spoke with measured words - Karma
are the actions that transitions information into knowledge3 - full ingestion of a narrative. Vishesha Karma
(special Karma
) - also called Vikarma
, are the actions that convert knowledge into information - presentation of a narrative. For example when we practice daily to improve our game, it is Karma
. On the other side, when we play a match to put our skills on display, it is called Vikarma
- a proof of the work. With Karma
we ingest information; with Vikarama
we radiate information. Both are equally important - like two wheels of a cart. In the process, with a continuous feedback loop, we train our biological neural network - in narrative(s) of our choice.
You mean narratives lead to Karma
? - asked Fairy.
Yes - He added to complete the discussion - A set of predefined Karmas
- as per a narrative - practiced consistently is called Yazna
. Yazna
leads to success (Siddhi
). For example when you study eight hours a day for say eight long years you become a successful doctor. The same is true for an Engineer, a Scientist, an Economist and thousands of other specializations. The daily ritual of study (and lab) in this case, is Yazna
. Yazna
becomes effective when performed alone, and without the influence of worldly desires. When such fine-tuned skills are used effectively, they become a source of inspiration to the rest -> thus initiating a virtuous cycle of Karma
and Vikarma
-> Repetitive work to proof of work! It doesn't matter what work you do - what matters is how consistently you do it!
Fairy looked at Angel in disbelief! - how come no one ever told this?
This is what makes Bhagavad Gita
the first memory of humans - smiled Angel - it predates humans. And Angels, Fairies and Wizards, like us, are simply characters of a narrative - intelligent virtual entities!
notes and other stuff..
Geographic map of Vaidik
times..
- The map above (published under creative commons license at Wikimedia), shows the locations of Kingdoms mentioned in the Indian epics. Focus is on
Mahabharata
. Due credits to the publisher as per license. Names in Yellow were the main kingdoms. The river names are shown in blue, the mountains in purple and forests in green. You may need to enlarge the map to appreciate the extensive spread of populations, and complexity of the political landscape.
Zero footprint zones:
- Intelligent GPS systems Navstar was set up in the 1990s - mass adoption of project "Transit" that started in 1958.
- Early break through in Google Maps (with advent of smartphones), led to the idea if GPS based AI models that could predict location of an accident - in near future. Like all things AI, massive GPS data was trained to the AI models. The public face of the effort was "Traffic Predictions".
- Soon they realized predicting the present (the next action) was almost impossible. The project was abandoned in 2029. The project data and AI models were archived and open sourced. They found its use in obscure things such as "Zero Footprint locations" - pockets of land where humans have never gone - no footprint. Such locations need not be things like North or South poles. These locations may exist in your backyard.
"Knowledge" is hidden in the granular details whereas "Information" is the art of hiding the details. A git repository is a good tool to develop a mental model that contrasts "knowledge" from "information". A git repository typically comes with a readme file - a description of what the code is intended for. This readme file is "information". Most of the time, we may use the code based on the instructions in the readme file - without even knowing the language in which it was written. The information has utility value though utility is NOT knowledge. The "knowledge" is locked in the commits of the repository - how the developer improved the code over successive iterations. Sometimes because she herself was not satisfied and other times because someone raised an issue. Every commit may have some documentation though it is almost impossible to appreciate all the changes that lead to a successful piece of code. "Information" (the utility value) is for every seeker of utility whereas the "knowledge" stays only with the developer who performs repeated actions to improve the code. "Knowledge" can't be communicated because communication must be limited to a catchy narrative or else it gets incomprehensible. Mathematically speaking: "knowledge" = "Information" + "Yazna" (appropriate Karma
done on regular basis). Since "information" is freely available (massless), the only substantive element is Karma
.